These results indicate that the three studied clonal herbs demonstrated division of labor induced by reciprocal patchiness of light and nutrients 这表明，三种克隆植物发生了环境诱导的克隆内分工行为。
2.
The annual variation of runoff turned to uniform with the landscape patchiness index and landscape diversity index increased , and it turned to extreme with the landscape contagion index and landscape dominant index increased , and it did not relate to landscape shape index 随着景观破碎度和景观多样性的增大，流域径流年内分配趋于均衡；而随景观聚集度的增大，流域径流年内分配则趋向集中，景观形状对流域径流调节作用不明显。
3.
It is concluded that clonal plasticity is an alternative means for clonal plants to battle environmental heterogeneity . in another greenhouse experiment , we addressed the responses of three stoloniferous clonal herbs inhabiting different habitats to artificial environments with reciprocal patchiness of light and nutrients 在另一温室实验中，研究了三种匍匐茎克隆草本鹅绒委陵菜、金戴戴和绢毛匍匐委陵菜对光照和养分资源交互斑块性环境的反应。
4.
Abstract : biological invasions are a continuous feature of a non - equilibrium world , ever more so as a result of accidental and deliberate introductions by mankind . while many of these introductions are apparently harmless , others have significant consequences for organisms native to the invaded range , and entire communities may be affected . here we provide a survey of common models of range expansion , and outline the consequences these models have for patterns in genetic diversity and population structure . we describe how patterns of genetic diversity at a range of markers can be used to infer invasion routes , and to reveal the roles of selection and drift in shaping population genetic patterns that accompany range expansion . we summarise a growing range of population genetic techniques that allow large changes in population size ( bottlenecks and population expansions ) to be inferred over a range of timescales . finally , we illustrate some of the approaches described using data for a suite of invasions by oak gallwasps ( hymenoptera , cynipidae , cynipini ) in europe . we show that over timescales ranging from 500 10000 years , allele frequency data for polymorphic allozymes reveal ( a ) a consistent loss of genetic diversity along invasion routes , confirming the role of glacial refugia as centres of genetic diversity over these timescales , and ( b ) that populations in the invaded range are more subdivided genetically than those in the native range of each species . this spatial variation in population structure may be the result of variation in the patchiness of resources exploited by gallwasps , particularly host oak plants 文摘:生物入侵是不均衡世界的一个永恒话题,尤其是当人类有意或无意地引入物种后.很多引入显然是无害的,但另外一些则有着严重的后果,会给入侵地的生物以至于整个生物群落造成影响.本文总结了分布区扩张的常见模式,概述了它们对遗传多样性和种群结构式样所造成的影响.描述了如何根据以一批遗传标记所得到的遗传多样性式样来推断入侵途径,来揭示伴随扩张选择和漂变在形成种群遗传样式中的作用.本文对日益增多的群体遗传学方法进行了总结,这些技术可以用来在不同的时间尺度上推断种群规模所发生的巨大变化(瓶颈效应及种群扩张) .最后,我们以欧洲栎瘿蜂(膜翅目,瘿蜂科,瘿蜂族)一系列入侵的数据为例对一些方法进行了说明.从500 10000年的时间尺度上,多态的等位酶位点上等位基因频率的数据表明: 1 )遗传多样性沿入侵路线呈不断下降的趋势,支持了冰河期避难所作为遗传多样性中心的作用; 2 )入侵地区的种群与该物种原产地的种群相比,遗传上的分化更为强烈.这种种群结构在空间上的变异可能是被栎瘿蜂开发的资源尤其是栎树寄主在斑块上出现变异的反映
5.
Anthropogenic activities ( e . g . development , over - grazing , timber harvest ) can disrupt the structural integrity of oasis - desert landscapes and is expected to impede diversity communities across the landscape and make it fragmented . with human dimension and activities enhancing , the patchiness grain , edge density and landscape contrast become large , landscape diversity and patch fractal dimension decreased 随着人类活动的增强，斑块粒度、边缘密度、分散度、对比度变大，而景观多样性下降，斑块分维数变小，人类生产经营活动导致了绿洲-荒漠景观破碎化，绿洲和荒漠生态系统界面上的突变性、对比度和异质性增强。
6.
The death rate of individuals in dongwenquan population shows another pattern with slowly raise along with the age . 3 with the use of the dispersal index ( di ) clump intensity ( ci ' s ) mean crowding ( m * ) patchiness index ( pai ) . . green ' s index ( gi ) and intensity index as parameters , we further studied the spatial distribution patterns of the three populations ， chtoran ， hoidesyaog )种群结构与动态研究3 、用leshe矩阵模型定量预测三个种群未来20a的数量与年龄结构变化的结果显示，北温泉绪云卫矛种群数量在未来4a内会有一定程度的减少，以后的种群数量逐渐增加，呈不断扩大的趋势，而这其中幼龄个体所占的比例越来越大，老龄个体的比例越来越小。
7.
The landscape diversity index , dominance index , patch average area and patchiness have changed respectively from 1 . 72 to 1 . 886 , 0 . 139 to 0 . 359 , 3 . 220 to 3 . 103 and from 27 . 361 to 26 . 878 in different time from 1986 to 2000 , which shows that the degree of landscape fragmentation has increased . such increase reflects severe interference of humankind . the result also shows that the spatial pattern of urban landscape has many problems such as unreasonable distribution , single configuration , reduced connectedness , increased fragmentation , decreased types of natural landscape and increased loss of soil and water 将1986年的指数与2000年的指数进行比较发现，景观的多样性指数和优势度指数都增加了，分别由1 . 72增加到1 . 886和由0 . 193增加到0 . 359 ；而平均斑块面积和景观镶嵌度指数都减小了，分别由3 . 22减到3 . 103和27 . 361减为26 . 878 。
8.
We studied its distribution pattem by using the following measures f the test for fitting to the poisson , negative binomial and neyman a distribution . at the same time , we use negative binomial parametef , dispersal index , patchiness index , cassie s index and clumping index , estimated the aggregation intensity . the results showed that the distribution pattern is typically aggregated , and the intensity of aggregation vari 经统计分析，青岛百合复合种群、各局部种群内个体的分布格局离散分布拟合的结果符合负二项分布；各聚集强度参数中，丛生指标）和cassie指标（二k ）均大于o ，负h项参数限）均较小，扩散系数k卜扩散型指数）和聚块性指标（ m m ）均大于1 ，以上这些表明各个局部种群的分布格局都为聚集分布。
