A simple and useful characterization of the outer electrons in an atom is the idea of valence . 对原子外层电子的简单而有用的描述是原子价的概念。
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Mixed valence complex 混合原子价复合体
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The combining capacity of an atom or a radical determined by the number of electrons that it will lose , add , or share when it reacts with other atoms 化合价，原子价原子或原子团与其它原子反映时由所失、增加成共享的电子数目决定的化合能力
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" valence number of bonds ( see bonding ) an atom can form . hydrogen ( h ) always has valence 1 , so other elements ' valences equal the number of hydrogen atoms they combine with . 原子价:元素的一个原子能够结合其它原子的数目。元素的特征价数是以该元素一个原子可结合的氢原子数或可从一化合物中置换出的氢原子数来表示。
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The origin of the above shortcomings is in the structure of molecules themselves , where we have valence electrons which can interact at mutual distances of the order of the size of their wavepackets , which is a distance 108 times smaller than the atomic distances 导致上述短处的根源来自其分子结构本身我们有能够在其波包尺寸相互距离相互作用的原子价电子，该距离为原子之间的距离的1 108 。
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As such , the representation of the deep overlapping of the wavepackets of valence electrons as well as of other nuclear events is beyond any credible hope of quantitative treatment via quantum mechanics or chemistry on conceptual , mathematical and physical grounds 这样，对原子价电子深深重叠的波包，以及其它核事件的描述，在概念、数学和物理基础上均超越了通过量子力学或化学进行量子处理的任何可靠的希望。
